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- <text id=93CT1802>
- <link 93HT0719>
- <link 89TT2163>
- <title>
- New Zealand--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Australia & Oceania
- New Zealand
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Recent archeological evidence indicates that New Zealand was
- populated by a stone age fishing and hunting people of East
- Polynesian ancestry at least 1,000 years before Europeans
- arrived. Known to some scholars as the Moa-hunters, they may
- have merged with later waves of Polynesians, called Maori, who
- arrived by sea. The date of Maori arrival has been set at
- between A.D. 952 to 1150.
- </p>
- <p> A Dutch navigator, Abel Tasman, named New Zealand and
- sketched sections of the islands' west coasts in 1642. English
- Captain James Cook thoroughly explored the coastline during
- three South Pacific voyages beginning in 1769. In the late 18th
- and early 19th centuries, lumbering, seal hunting, and whaling
- attracted a few European settlers to New Zealand. In 1840, the
- United Kingdom annexed New Zealand and, through the Treaty of
- Waitangi signed that year with Maori tribes, established
- British sovereignty.
- </p>
- <p> Also in 1840, the first efforts were made to colonize New
- Zealand systematically by selected groups sent from England.
- Settlement proceeded steadily from 1840 until about 1870, but
- not without considerable resistance from the Maoris over land
- encroachment issues. The struggle finally ended with the
- natives' defeat in the Maori wars of the 1860s.
- </p>
- <p> In later years, the decimated Maoris recovered from their
- successive defeats. Since World War II, the Maori population has
- grown faster than the total population. Many migrated to the
- cities, where they have become more active politically and
- assertive culturally. In the 1850s, constitutional government
- began to develop, bringing with it personal and political
- freedom. At the same time, the livestock industry began to
- expand, and the foundations of New Zealand's modern economy took
- shape. By the end of the 19th century, improved transportation
- facilities had made possible a great overseas trade in wool,
- meat, and dairy products.
- </p>
- <p> By 1890, parliamentary government along democratic lines was
- well established, and from then on, New Zealand's social
- institutions began to assume their present form. The turn of the
- century saw sweeping social reforms that built the foundation
- of New Zealand's version of the welfare state, which came to
- include a large measure of government participation in economic
- affairs.
- </p>
- <p> New Zealand was declared a dominion by a royal proclamation
- effective September 26, 1907 (Dominion Day). It achieved full
- internal and external autonomy by the Statute of Westminster
- Adoption Act in 1947, although this merely formalized a
- situation that had existed for many years.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The left-leaning Labor Party and conservative opposition
- National Party have dominated New Zealand political life since
- the former first assumed office in 1935. During 14 years in
- office, the Labor Party implemented a broad program of social
- and economic legislation, including comprehensive social
- security, a large-scale public works program, and such reforms
- as a 40-hour workweek, a minimum basic wage, and compulsory
- unionism. New Zealand's National Party won control of the
- government in 1949 and, with the exception of two brief periods
- from 1957-60 and 1972-75, held power until 1984. National Party
- governments adopted many welfare measures instituted by the
- Labor Party, advocated an import substitution approach to
- industrialization, and intervened frequently to address the
- nation's growing economic difficulties.
- </p>
- <p> The Labor Party regained control of the government in July
- 1984, capturing 56 of 95 parliamentary seats with 43% of the
- popular vote. Labor consolidated its hold on power in August
- 1987 by winning 58 of 97 seats in parliament. The opposition
- National Party claimed all remaining 39 seats.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, July
- 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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